Domain Reference Guide — EPPP Playbook

Exam Weight

10%

Avg Difficulty

3.07

#1 Trap Type

Temporal Confusion 39%

Top Cross-Domain

COG (118)

Core Concepts

Term	Definition	Test Trigger
Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers crossing synaptic cleft	DA (reward/psychosis), 5-HT (mood/OCD), NE (arousal), GABA (inhibitory)
Action Potential	All-or-none electrical signal (-70mV rest, depolarization, repolarization)	Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons
Frontal Lobe	Executive function, planning, motor, Broca's area	Personality changes, poor judgment (Phineas Gage)
Temporal Lobe	Auditory, Wernicke's area, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus	Memory, language comprehension, face recognition
Limbic System	Hippocampus (memory), amygdala (fear), hypothalamus (homeostasis)	Emotion, memory consolidation, stress response
Basal Ganglia	Motor control, habit learning, procedural memory	Parkinson's (DA loss), Huntington's (caudate degeneration)
Lateralization	Left = language/analytical, Right = spatial/emotional	Split-brain studies (corpus callosum severing)
Autonomic Nervous System	Sympathetic (fight/flight) vs Parasympathetic (rest/digest)	Complementary branches, not always antagonistic
HPA Axis	Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal stress response	Cortisol release, chronic elevation harmful
Sleep Stages	NREM (N1, N2, N3) and REM cycles	REM = dreams/memory consolidation, ~90min cycles
Neuroplasticity	Brain's ability to reorganize throughout life	Hebbian learning: "fire together, wire together"
Heritability	Proportion of phenotypic variance due to genes	Twin studies (MZ vs DZ concordance)
Aphasias	Broca's (nonfluent) vs Wernicke's (fluent but meaningless)	Left hemisphere language areas
Brain Imaging	EEG (temporal), fMRI (spatial), PET (metabolic)	Each has different resolution tradeoffs

Key Theorists

Theorist	Core Contribution	If you see… think…
Roger Sperry	Split-brain research, lateralization	Left verbal, right spatial; Nobel Prize
Paul Broca	Broca's area, speech production	"Tan" patient, nonfluent aphasia
Carl Wernicke	Wernicke's area, language comprehension	Fluent but meaningless speech
Donald Hebb	Hebbian learning, synaptic plasticity	"Neurons that fire together wire together"
Hans Selye	General Adaptation Syndrome	Alarm → Resistance → Exhaustion
Walter Cannon	Fight-or-flight response, homeostasis	Sympathetic nervous system activation
Eric Kandel	Molecular basis of memory	Aplysia studies, Nobel Prize 2000

Trap Profile

Temporal Confusion

39%

General Confusion

20%

Pop Spec Confusion

18%

High-Yield Facts

Dopamine: ↑ = schizophrenia/mania; ↓ = Parkinson's/depression/ADHD
Serotonin: ↓ = depression/OCD/anxiety; 90% produced in gut
GABA: primary inhibitory NT; benzodiazepines enhance GABA-A activity
Broca's area = left frontal, speech production; Wernicke's = left temporal, comprehension
Prefrontal cortex not fully mature until ~25 (adolescent risk-taking)
Hippocampus: memory consolidation + adult neurogenesis
Amygdala processes fear before conscious awareness (LeDoux's "low road")
HPA axis: chronic cortisol elevation → hippocampal damage, immune suppression
Split-brain: left verbal, right spatial; corpus callosum connects hemispheres
Contralateral control: left brain controls right body (and vice versa)
Alzheimer's: hippocampal atrophy first, ACh deficit, plaques/tangles
Parkinson's: substantia nigra DA loss → tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia

Exam Weight

13%

Avg Difficulty

3.03

#1 Trap Type

Temporal Confusion 32%

Top Cross-Domain

Universal Connector

Core Concepts

Term	Definition	Test Trigger
Classical Conditioning	Learning through association (US→UR, CS+US→CR)	Watson's Little Albert, systematic desensitization
Operant Conditioning	Learning through consequences (reinforcement/punishment)	Skinner box, schedules of reinforcement
Observational Learning	Learning by watching others (Bandura)	Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Memory Systems	Sensory → STM/Working → LTM (explicit/implicit)	7±2 items, phonological loop, episodic/semantic
Levels of Processing	Shallow → deep processing improves memory	Craik & Lockhart; semantic > phonemic > structural
Cognitive Dissonance	Discomfort from contradictory cognitions	Festinger; $1 vs $20 study (insufficient justification)
Attribution Theory	Explaining causes of behavior (internal/external)	Fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias
Heuristics	Mental shortcuts for quick decisions	Availability, representativeness, anchoring biases
Emotion Theories	James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer	Body→emotion vs simultaneous vs arousal+label
Maslow's Hierarchy	Physiological→safety→belonging→esteem→self-actualization	Needs progression (disputed universality)
Signal Detection Theory	Separates sensitivity from response bias	Hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection
Forgetting	Decay, interference, retrieval failure	Proactive vs retroactive interference
Problem Solving	Algorithms vs heuristics, functional fixedness	Duncker's candle, mental set, confirmation bias
Attention	Selective, divided, change/inattentional blindness	Broadbent filter, Treisman attenuation, Stroop

Key Theorists

Theorist	Core Contribution	If you see… think…
Ivan Pavlov	Classical conditioning, experimental neurosis	Dog salivation, CS-US pairing
B.F. Skinner	Operant conditioning, schedules of reinforcement	Positive/negative reinforcement vs punishment
Albert Bandura	Social learning, self-efficacy, Bobo doll	Observational learning, vicarious reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus	Forgetting curve, nonsense syllables	Exponential forgetting, savings method
Elizabeth Loftus	Misinformation effect, false memories	Eyewitness unreliability, leading questions
Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman	Heuristics and biases, prospect theory	Availability, representativeness, framing effects
Leon Festinger	Cognitive dissonance theory	$1 vs $20 study, attitude-behavior inconsistency

Trap Profile

Temporal Confusion

32%

General Confusion

24%

Pop Spec Confusion

16%

High-Yield Facts

Variable ratio schedule = most resistant to extinction (gambling)
Working memory: Baddeley's model (central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad)
Proactive interference: old learning interferes with new
Retroactive interference: new learning interferes with old
Yerkes-Dodson law: moderate arousal optimal for complex tasks
Self-efficacy (Bandura) predicts behavior better than outcome expectancy
Fundamental attribution error: overattribute others' behavior to disposition
Actor-observer bias: attribute own behavior to situation
Serial position effect: primacy (LTM) + recency (STM)
State-dependent learning: recall better in same physiological state

Exam Weight

11%

Avg Difficulty

3.21

#1 Trap Type

Temporal Confusion 33%

Top Cross-Domain

RES (97)

Core Concepts

Term	Definition	Test Trigger
Multicultural Competence	Sue's tripartite: Awareness, Knowledge, Skills	Cultural humility, ongoing process, APA Guidelines 2017
Acculturation	Cultural change when two cultures meet	Berry's model: Integration best, marginalization worst
Social Identity Theory	Self-esteem from group membership	In-group favoritism, minimal group paradigm
Conformity	Adjusting to match group norms	Asch lines: ~75% conformed at least once
Obedience	Following authority's direct orders	Milgram: ~65% delivered maximum shock
Groupthink	Faulty group decisions from cohesion	Illusion of unanimity, self-censorship, mindguards
Bystander Effect	Decreased helping with more bystanders	Diffusion of responsibility, 5 steps to helping
Prejudice/Stereotyping/Discrimination	Attitude/belief/behavior toward groups	Implicit bias (IAT), aversive racism, microaggressions
Elaboration Likelihood Model	Central (thoughtful) vs peripheral (cues) persuasion	Motivation + ability = central route processing
Social Facilitation	Performance improves with others present	Zajonc: simple tasks improve, complex tasks worsen
Social Loafing	Reduced effort in groups	Ringelmann effect, prevented by accountability
Cultural Dimensions	Hofstede: Individualism vs collectivism most tested	Western vs East Asian, Latin American patterns
Contact Hypothesis	Intergroup contact reduces prejudice	Allport: equal status, common goals, cooperation, support
Stereotype Threat	Awareness of negative stereotype impairs performance	Steele & Aronson: testing situations
Racial Identity Development	Cross Nigrescence model, Helms White identity	Pre-encounter → encounter → immersion → internalization

Key Theorists

Theorist	Core Contribution	If you see… think…
Solomon Asch	Conformity experiments (line judgment)	75% conformed at least once, unanimity crucial
Stanley Milgram	Obedience to authority	65% maximum shock, proximity effects
Philip Zimbardo	Stanford Prison Experiment, deindividuation	Role effects, anonymity increases antisocial behavior
Irving Janis	Groupthink theory	Bay of Pigs, Challenger, faulty group decisions
Bibb Latané & John Darley	Bystander effect	Kitty Genovese, diffusion of responsibility
Henri Tajfel & John Turner	Social Identity Theory	Minimal groups create bias, in-group favoritism

Trap Profile

Temporal Confusion

33%

Pop Spec Confusion

23%

General Confusion

17%

High-Yield Facts

Asch: conformity highest with 3+ unanimous confederates
Milgram: proximity to victim decreased obedience
Berry's acculturation: Integration > Assimilation > Separation > Marginalization
Sue's cultural competence: Awareness, Knowledge, Skills
Stereotype threat reduces performance even when aware of it
Contact hypothesis requires: equal status, cooperation, common goals, institutional support
Cross racial identity: Pre-encounter → Encounter → Immersion-Emersion → Internalization
Collectivist cultures: interdependence, group harmony, shame-based
Individualist cultures: independence, personal achievement, guilt-based

Exam Weight

12%

Avg Difficulty

3.07

#1 Trap Type

Temporal Confusion 47%

Top Cross-Domain

COG (94)

Core Concepts

Term	Definition	Test Trigger
Nature vs Nurture	Heredity vs environment (modern view: interaction)	Gene-environment correlation: passive, evocative, active
Critical vs Sensitive Periods	Narrow essential window vs broader optimal window	Language acquisition, imprinting examples
Teratogens	Environmental agents causing birth defects	FAS (most preventable intellectual disability), TORCH
Attachment	Bowlby's evolutionary-based emotional bond	Internal working models, Strange Situation patterns
Temperament	Thomas & Chess: Easy (40%), Difficult (10%), Slow-to-warm (15%)	Goodness of fit with environment
Piaget's Stages	Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal Operational	Schemas, assimilation, accommodation
Erikson's Psychosocial	Eight crises across lifespan	Trust vs Mistrust → Integrity vs Despair
Kohlberg's Moral	Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional	Based on reasoning, not behavior
Zone of Proximal Development	Gap between alone vs guided performance	Scaffolding, More Knowledgeable Other
Object Permanence	Objects exist when not perceived	Develops 8-12 months, A-not-B error
Theory of Mind	Others have different beliefs/desires	Develops 4-5 years, false belief task
Identity Statuses	Achievement, Moratorium, Foreclosure, Diffusion	Marcia's exploration × commitment matrix
Separation-Individuation	Mahler: symbiosis to separate self	Differentiation, practicing, rapprochement
Aging and Cognition	Fluid declines, crystallized maintained	Processing speed declines, wisdom may increase

Key Theorists

Theorist	Core Contribution	If you see… think…
Jean Piaget	Cognitive development stages, conservation	Egocentrism, assimilation/accommodation
Erik Erikson	Psychosocial stages across lifespan	Identity vs role confusion, integrity vs despair
Lev Vygotsky	Zone of Proximal Development, scaffolding	Social constructivism, learning drives development
John Bowlby	Attachment theory, internal working models	Evolutionary basis, monotropy
Mary Ainsworth	Strange Situation attachment styles	Secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant
Lawrence Kohlberg	Moral reasoning stages	Heinz dilemma, justice orientation
Carol Gilligan	Critique of Kohlberg, ethic of care	Gender differences in moral reasoning

Trap Profile

Temporal Confusion

47%

Auth Reversal

15%

General Confusion

13%

High-Yield Facts

Piaget: sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete (7-11), formal (11+)
Object permanence: ~8-12 months
Conservation: concrete operational stage
Vygotsky: ZPD = what child can do with help but not alone
Erikson's stages: trust/mistrust → autonomy/shame → initiative/guilt → industry/inferiority → identity/confusion → intimacy/isolation → generativity/stagnation → integrity/despair
Ainsworth: secure (65%), avoidant (20%), ambivalent (10%), disorganized (5%)
Kohlberg: preconventional (reward/punishment) → conventional (social approval/law) → postconventional (social contract/universal principles)
Marcia: identity achievement (explored+committed), moratorium (exploring), foreclosure (committed w/o exploring), diffusion (neither)
FAS: most common preventable cause of intellectual disability
Fluid intelligence peaks ~20s then declines; crystallized maintained/increases

Exam Weight

16%

Avg Difficulty

3.17

#1 Trap Type

Temporal Confusion 36%

Top Cross-Domain

COG (91)

Core Concepts

Term	Definition	Test Trigger
Reliability	Consistency of measurement (test-retest, inter-rater, internal consistency)	Cronbach's alpha ≥.80 adequate; ≥.90 for clinical decisions
Validity	Does test measure what it claims? (content, criterion, construct)	Validity ≤ √reliability; can't be valid without being reliable
Sensitivity	True positive rate — correctly identifies those WITH condition	SnNout: Sensitive test rules OUT when negative
Specificity	True negative rate — correctly identifies those WITHOUT condition	SpPin: Specific test rules IN when positive
Standard Error of Measurement	SEM = SD × √(1 - reliability)	Higher reliability = smaller SEM
Base Rate	Prevalence of condition in population	Low base rate = more false positives even with specific tests
Clinical vs Actuarial Prediction	Meehl (1954): Actuarial prediction generally superior	Use empirical formulas vs clinical judgment
Standard Scores	z (M=0,SD=1), T (M=50,SD=10), IQ (M=100,SD=15), scaled (M=10,SD=3)	Normal curve: 68-95-99.7 rule
Psychological Assessment	Integrating multiple data sources to answer referral question	Testing = instrument; Assessment = comprehensive evaluation
Response Styles	Malingering, faking good, random responding, acquiescence	MMPI validity scales detect these patterns
Classification Accuracy	Hit rate, false positive/negative, PPV/NPV	PPV depends heavily on base rate
Informed Consent	Purpose, procedures, who receives results, limits of confidentiality	Forensic: clarify role, who is client, no treatment relationship
Cultural Bias	Item bias, construct bias, method bias	Use appropriate norms; consider cultural factors
Norm vs Criterion-Referenced	Score compared to group vs absolute standard	Different interpretation approaches

Key Theorists

Theorist	Core Contribution	If you see… think…
Alfred Binet	First intelligence test, mental age concept	Historical foundations of IQ testing
David Wechsler	WAIS/WISC series, deviation IQ, verbal/performance split	"Intelligence is aggregate capacity"
Raymond Cattell	Fluid vs crystallized intelligence (Gf-Gc theory)	Fluid declines with age, crystallized maintained
Paul Meehl	Clinical vs actuarial prediction, construct validity	Statistical prediction > clinical judgment
Charles Spearman	g factor, two-factor theory of intelligence	General intelligence underlying all cognitive tasks
Lee Cronbach	Cronbach's alpha, generalizability theory	Internal consistency reliability
Howard Gardner	Multiple intelligences theory (8+ types)	Alternative view of intelligence

Trap Profile

Temporal Confusion

36%

General Confusion

22%

Pop Spec Confusion

20%

High-Yield Facts

Reliability ceiling for validity: validity ≤ √reliability
SEM = SD × √(1 - reliability)
SnNout: Sensitive test, Negative result rules OUT
SpPin: Specific test, Positive result rules IN
Low base rate → more false positives regardless of test quality
MMPI-2: 567 items, 10 clinical scales, 3 validity scales (L, F, K)
Wechsler: VCI, PRI, WMI, PSI; M=100, SD=15
Clinical vs actuarial: Meehl showed actuarial generally superior
Ceiling/floor effects compromise score interpretation
Standard scores: z (0,1), T (50,10), IQ (100,15), scaled (10,3)

Exam Weight

14%

Avg Difficulty

3.18

#1 Trap Type

Temporal Confusion 35%

Top Cross-Domain

COG (90)

Core Concepts

Term	Definition	Test Trigger
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)	Integration of best research, clinical expertise, and patient values	When asked about best practice standards
Therapeutic Alliance	Collaborative bond between therapist and client (goals, tasks, emotional bond)	#1 predictor of therapy outcome across all modalities
Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs)	Treatments proven through controlled research (≥2 RCTs or large single-case series)	When matching specific treatments to disorders
Common Factors	Shared elements across therapies (alliance, empathy, expectancy)	Account for ~30% of outcome variance
Stages of Change	Precontemplation → Contemplation → Preparation → Action → Maintenance	Motivation and readiness questions
Motivational Interviewing	Client-centered approach to resolve ambivalence	Express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy	Beck's approach combining cognitive and behavioral techniques	Gold standard for depression, anxiety, OCD
Exposure Therapy	Classical conditioning-based treatment using habituation	In vivo, imaginal, interoceptive, systematic desensitization
Dialectical Behavior Therapy	Linehan's treatment balancing acceptance and change	Originally for BPD; 4 modules
Behavioral Activation	Increase engagement in positively reinforcing activities	For depression; based on Lewinsohn's model
Defense Mechanisms	Unconscious ways of managing anxiety and internal conflict	Know hierarchy: mature → neurotic → immature → psychotic
Relapse Prevention	Marlatt & Gordon model for substance use	High-risk situations, AVE, lapse vs relapse
Group Therapy Factors	Yalom's 11 therapeutic factors	Universality, cohesiveness, interpersonal learning
Prevention Levels	Primary (prevent onset), Secondary (early detection), Tertiary (reduce disability)	Caplan's model; Universal/Selective/Indicated

Key Theorists

Theorist	Core Contribution	If you see… think…
Aaron Beck	Cognitive therapy, cognitive triad, automatic thoughts	CBT, depression treatment, cognitive distortions
Albert Ellis	REBT, ABC model, irrational beliefs	"Must/should" thinking, confrontational style
Carl Rogers	Person-centered therapy, core conditions	Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, empathy
Marsha Linehan	DBT, biosocial theory	BPD treatment, acceptance + change
Joseph Wolpe	Systematic desensitization, reciprocal inhibition	Phobia treatment, gradual exposure
Irvin Yalom	Group therapy factors, existential therapy	Group dynamics, here-and-now focus
Salvador Minuchin	Structural family therapy	Boundaries, enmeshment/disengagement, joining

Trap Profile

Temporal Confusion

35%

Pop Spec Confusion

20%

General Confusion

17%

High-Yield Facts

Therapeutic alliance is #1 predictor of outcome across all modalities
Common factors account for ~30% of outcome variance
CBT: gold standard for depression, anxiety, PTSD, OCD
DBT: originally for BPD; mindfulness + distress tolerance + emotion regulation + interpersonal effectiveness
Systematic desensitization: relaxation + anxiety hierarchy (Wolpe)
Stages of change: precontemplation → contemplation → preparation → action → maintenance
Paradoxical intention: prescribe the symptom (strategic therapy)
Defense mechanisms hierarchy: mature (humor, sublimation) → neurotic (displacement) → immature (projection, denial) → psychotic (delusion)
Yalom's group factors: universality, cohesiveness, interpersonal learning most important
MI: express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, support self-efficacy

Exam Weight

16%

Avg Difficulty

3.21

#1 Trap Type

Temporal Confusion 44%

Top Cross-Domain

ASS (100)

Core Concepts

Term	Definition	Test Trigger
APA Ethics Code	Five aspirational principles + ten enforceable standards	Principles = goals; Standards = rules
Informed Consent	Client informed of purpose, procedures, risks, alternatives, limits	Must be competent, voluntary, informed
Confidentiality	Ethical obligation to protect client information	Exceptions: duty to warn, mandatory reporting, consent
Duty to Warn/Protect	Tarasoff obligations to protect identifiable third parties	Identifiable victim + credible threat (varies by state)
Dual/Multiple Relationships	Psychologist has another role with client	Not inherently unethical unless impairs objectivity
Competence	Practice within boundaries based on training/experience	Emergency exception exists
Mandatory Reporting	Legal obligation to report suspected abuse	Child/elder/dependent adult abuse; overrides confidentiality
Record Keeping	Maintain records minimum 3 years (APA: 7 years recommended)	Records belong to psychologist; client has access rights
Privileged Communication	Legal right protecting client communications in court	Belongs to CLIENT, not therapist (Jaffee v. Redmond)
Sexual Relationships	Current clients: ALWAYS prohibited; Former: 2-year minimum	Burden on psychologist to prove no exploitation
Telehealth	Technology-based service delivery	Must be competent, know jurisdiction, ensure security
Supervisory Responsibility	Supervisors responsible for supervisees' conduct	Vicarious liability; must monitor and provide feedback
Research Ethics	IRB approval, informed consent, right to withdraw	Belmont Report: Respect, Beneficence, Justice
Test Data vs Materials	Data = scores/responses (release); Materials = items/manuals (protect)	Standard 9.04 vs 9.11 distinction

Key Theorists (Landmark Cases)

Case/Standard	Core Contribution	If you see… think…
Tarasoff	Duty to warn/protect identifiable victims	Credible threat + identifiable victim = duty
Jaffee v. Redmond	Federal psychotherapist-patient privilege	Privilege belongs to client, not therapist
Daubert	Standard for expert testimony admissibility	Testable, peer-reviewed, error rate, acceptance
M'Naghten	Insanity defense standard	Didn't know nature/quality OR right/wrong
Dusky	Competency to stand trial standard	Rational/factual understanding + consult attorney
Larry P. v. Riles	IQ test cultural bias case	Prohibited IQ tests for Black children (California)
Wyatt v. Stickney	Right to treatment for involuntary patients	Minimum standards of care required

Trap Profile

Temporal Confusion

44%

General Confusion

19%

Pop Spec Confusion

15%

High-Yield Facts

5 aspirational principles: Beneficence, Fidelity, Integrity, Justice, Respect
10 enforceable standards (the rules)
Tarasoff: duty to warn identifiable victim of credible threat
Privilege belongs to CLIENT (Jaffee v. Redmond)
Sexual relationships with current clients: ALWAYS unethical
Former clients: 2-year minimum, burden on psychologist
Mandatory reporting overrides confidentiality
Dual relationships not inherently unethical — only if they impair objectivity
Records: psychologist owns; client has right to access
Forensic: clarify role, no therapeutic relationship, informed consent differs

Exam Weight

15%

Avg Difficulty

3.14

#1 Trap Type

Temporal Confusion 34%

Top Cross-Domain

SOC (97)

Core Concepts

Term	Definition	Test Trigger
Internal Validity	Study establishes causal relationship (IV→DV)	Random assignment controls confounds
External Validity	Generalizability to other populations/settings	Random selection supports generalizability
Type I Error (α)	Rejecting true null (false positive)	α = .05 conventional; multiple comparisons increase
Type II Error (β)	Failing to reject false null (false negative)	Related to power (1-β), decreased by larger N
Statistical Power	Probability of detecting true effect (1-β)	Desired ≥.80; increased by N, effect size, liberal α
Effect Size	Magnitude independent of sample size	Cohen's d (.2/.5/.8), r (.1/.3/.5)
Random Assignment	Participants randomly placed into conditions	Controls confounds, supports internal validity
Random Selection	Participants randomly chosen from population	Supports external validity/generalizability
Between-Subjects	Different participants in each condition	Need more participants, no order effects
Within-Subjects	Same participants in all conditions	More power, but order effects (counterbalancing)
Quasi-Experimental	Lacks random assignment (preexisting groups)	Can suggest but not establish causation
Meta-Analysis	Quantitative synthesis of multiple studies	Uses effect sizes, publication bias concern
p-value	Probability of results if null were true	NOT probability null is true
Correlation vs Causation	Correlation doesn't imply causation	Third variable, directionality problems

Key Theorists

Theorist	Core Contribution	If you see… think…
Ronald Fisher	ANOVA, p-values, null hypothesis testing	Father of modern statistics
Jacob Cohen	Effect sizes, power analysis	"Earth is Round (p<.05)" critique
Donald Campbell	Validity threats framework	Internal/external validity trade-offs
Karl Pearson	Pearson correlation, chi-square test	Correlation coefficient r
Gene Glass	Meta-analysis methodology	Quantitative synthesis of studies
Lee Cronbach	Cronbach's alpha, generalizability theory	Internal consistency reliability
Thomas Cook	Four types of validity	Construct, statistical conclusion validity

Trap Profile

Temporal Confusion

34%

Pop Spec Confusion

18%

General Confusion

16%

High-Yield Facts

Random assignment → internal validity; Random selection → external validity
Type I (α): false positive. Type II (β): false negative
Power = 1 - β; want ≥ .80
Cohen's d: .2 small, .5 medium, .8 large
p-value ≠ probability the null is true
Correlation ≠ causation (third variable, directionality)
Quasi-experimental: no random assignment, weaker causal claims
ANOVA: compares 3+ group means; F-ratio
Chi-square: categorical data, expected vs observed frequencies
Multiple regression: multiple predictors, one outcome
Meta-analysis: quantitative synthesis using effect sizes
Bonferroni correction: divide α by number of comparisons